A Review Of Section 230’s Meaning & Application Based On More Than 500 Cases

Executive Summary

Section 230 is the law most responsible for the modern internet. Despite the extensive current policy discussion around the law, there is limited research about how Section 230 is actually used in the courts writ large. To help fill this gap, Internet Association (IA) analyzed more than 500 decisions from the past two decades involving Section 230 in order to better understand, in practice, the variety of parties using the law, how the law is being used, and how courts apply it.

The importance of Section 230 is best demonstrated by the lesser-known cases that escape the headlines. These decisions show the law continues to perform as Congress intended, quietly protecting soccer parents from defamation claims, discussion boards for nurses and police from nuisance suits, and local newspapers from liability for comment trolls. 

We found that judges are thoughtfully applying the law and – far from acting as a “blanket immunity” – Section 230 only served as the primary basis for a ruling in 42 percent of the decisions we reviewed. When courts are concerned platforms may have played a role in creating content, they require discovery before deciding whether to grant 230 immunity. Our review also revealed that in many decisions, the underlying claims where defendants asserted a Section 230 defense were dismissed for lacking merit.

The six key findings from IA’s review include:

1. A wide cross-section of individuals and entities rely on Section 230. Online users; internet service providers and website hosts; newspapers; universities; libraries; search engines; employers; bloggers, website moderators and listserv owners; social media companies; marketplaces; app stores; spam protection and anti-fraud tools; and domain name registrars have all asserted Section 230 immunity.
2. Section 230 immunity was the primary basis for a court’s decision in only 42 percent of decisions reviewed. Most courts conduct a careful analysis of the allegations in the complaint, and/or of the facts developed through discovery, to determine whether or not Section 230 should apply. Courts required factual development of cases where there was a question as to whether the platform played a role in the creation or development of the content at issue. 
3. A significant number of claims in the decisions failed without application of Section 230 because courts determined that they lacked merit, or dismissed them for other reasons. In over a quarter of decisions (28 percent), courts dismissed claims without relying on Section 230 because the plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, or because of other defects. More than 140 of the 516 decisions examined resulted in claims being dismissed in whole or in part by judges who never had to evaluate the Section 230 defense because the plaintiffs failed to adequately plead legal violations.
4. Forty-three percent of decisions’ core claims related to allegations of defamation, just like in the Stratton Oakmont v. Prodigy Services case that spurred the passage of Section 230. More than 220 of the decisions IA reviewed involved claims of defamation. The next closest category of case, roughly 10 percent, related to claims asserting online platforms violated the First Amendment or other legal protections by removing, refusing, or limiting user-generated content. 
5. Cases involving allegations of federal or state criminal activity were frequently decided in whole, or in part, on other grounds. Close examination of court decisions shows that Section 230 was seldom the sole reason for a court determining the fate of claims based on alleged violations of state or federal criminal laws. The sample size of state efforts to enforce criminal laws where Section 230 came into play is small, and not all of those were government prosecutions.
6. Section 230 protects providers who engage in content moderation, but typically through application of subsection (c)(1) rather than the good faith provision, (c)(2). Of the 516 content moderation decisions reviewed, only 19 of the opinions focused on Section 230(c)(2) “good faith” provision. Of these, the vast majority involved disputes over provider efforts to block spam. Another reason (c)(2) has not been invoked more often in cases where providers are sued for removing content is that many of those lawsuits are based on assertions that the provider has violated the First Amendment rights of the user whose content was removed, but the First Amendment only applies to government actors.

Introduction

Section 230 is the law most responsible for the modern internet. Despite many valuable works of scholarship on Section 230,1 we know very little about the full body of case law surrounding the “26 words that created the internet.”2 Public discussion of Section 230 tends to focus on a few extreme cases that break into national media and policy debates or specific content moderation decisions made by a particular provider. Looking at Section 230 through such a narrow lense fails to capture the broad set of entities, beyond internet companies, that assert Section 230, the types of cases in which these entities assert Section 230, and how the courts apply the law. A more holistic approach reveals a much broader ecosystem of nonprofits, educational institutions, and even individuals, who’ve relied on the law in a variety of circumstances and the measured approach courts have taken in applying the law.

As policymakers stand poised to make changes to Section 230, including suggestions that it be wholly revoked,3

it is critical that all stakeholders have an informed and reliable understanding of Section 230. This law is the basis for decisions that impact a significant driver of the U.S. economy, products, and services, which many Americans consider essential to their everyday lives, and important values regarding free expression. As detailed in IA’s Submission to the U.S. DOJ on Section 230,4 in connection with its workshop and roundtable on Section 230, IA has observed misunderstandings of Section 230, ranging from the meaning of the plain language of its text5 to the actual basis on which courts have ruled in cases where Section 230 was asserted.6

IA undertook an internal review of Section 230 case law from when it was passed in 1996 to the present day to better understand how Section 230 has been and is currently used in practice.7 We found clear patterns and observations of important note for policymakers based on more than 500 judicial decisions where Section 230 immunity was implicated. IA believes that this initial effort provides ample basis to support a call for a comprehensive and unbiased review of Section 230 before action is taken to change the law.8

Finding 1: A wide cross-section of individuals and entities rely on Section 230.

IA’s review of the Section 230 case law revealed that online users; internet service providers and website hosts; newspapers; universities; libraries; search engines; employers; bloggers, website moderators and listserv owners; marketplaces; app stores; spam protection and anti-fraud tools; domain name registrars; and social media companies have all asserted Section 230 immunity. As the partial list below demonstrates, many of the parties that have relied on Section 230 as a legal defense are not social media companies:

Wikimedia	GoDaddy	Gannett	Spamcop	Truste	Offerup
Craigslist	Tripadvisor	Lycos	Comcast	Consumeraffairs.com	IAC/Interactive
Quora	Glassdoor	Indeed	WordPress	Moverreviews.com	Yelp
Overture	ZipRecruiter	Baidu	Yandex	Harvard University	InfoUSA
eNom	Earthlink	Layer42	Hotwire	allnurses.com	LinkedIn
Dotster	LivingSocial	Topix	Goto.com	Maine Antique Digest	Malwarebytes
NYPD	GiveForward	Zynga	Mensa	Angie’s List	Rentberry

Finding 2: Section 230 immunity was the primary basis for decision by a court in only 42 percent of decisions reviewed. Courts required factual development of cases where there was a question as to whether the platform played a role in the creation or development of the content at issue.

Our review found that, far from acting as a “blanket immunity,”17 most courts conducted a careful analysis of the allegations in the complaint, and/or of the facts developed through discovery, to determine whether or not Section 230 should apply.18 While there were cases that presented questions as to whether the party asserting Section 230 immunity was a covered entity; whether Section 230 applied to the claims alleged in a given case; or whether an exception applied, more often the issue presented to the court was whether or not the party asserting Section 230 immunity played any role in the development of the content that was the subject of the lawsuit. If a party “materially contributes to the illegality” of the content at issue19 or is in fact the content provider,20 Section 230 does not apply.

Of the court decisions reviewed, courts relied primarily on the Section 230 immunity to determine the outcome in 42 percent of the decisions. This number includes decisions where Section 230 was before the court on a Motion to Dismiss or a Motion for Summary Judgment (before or after discovery).21 Even when courts applied Section 230 immunity at the motion to dismiss stage, there are innumerable examples where courts gave plaintiffs multiple opportunities to amend complaints to try to avoid the Section 230 immunity (typically by alleging that the defendant played a role in content development), and only dismissed with prejudice when it was clear to the court that there was no basis for such an allegation.22

In our sample, courts refused to apply Section 230 immunity in over 12 percent of the decisions because there was an exception applied or the court determined that the immunity was not applicable to the case before it.23

Finding 3: A significant number of claims in the decisions failed without application of Section 230 because courts determined that they lacked merit, or dismissed them for other reasons.

In over a quarter of decisions (28 percent), the courts dismissed claims without relying on Section 230 because the claims lacked merit or were flawed for another reason. More than 140 of the 516 decisions examined resulted in claims being dismissed in whole or in part by judges for failing to adequately plead legal violations without relying on Section 230.24 For example, courts have rejected defamation claims where the statements at issue did not violate defamation law because they were protected opinion or a public official could not show the required intent.25 In other instances, courts have analyzed the definitions in a statute and found that the law did not apply to the transaction at issue.26 Courts also dismissed cases when a critical element of the claim was missing, such as causation.27 In cases where First Amendment claims are brought against companies, courts have dismissed the claims without having to reach Section 230 because First Amendment violations require state action and none was present.28

In addition, there are many cases where courts found Section 230 to be grounds for dismissal, but also noted that the claims alleged were not legally sufficient to move forward.29 Many of these cases involved repeat plaintiffs, repeat claims, repeat lawsuits, or other abuses of the legal system.30 In other instances, courts made the choice to resolve the case based on Section 230 grounds and specifically identified that as the reason they were refraining from addressing other grounds for dismissal.31 It appears this is a call made by a judge on whether it is best to rule on Section 230 grounds, analyze the substance of the claims, or do both.32 For this reason, it would be an error to assume that these cases would have moved forward in the absence of Section 230.

Several states have an Anti-SLAPP (Strategic Litigation against Public Participation) statute33 that makes available a special motion to strike a complaint that lacks merit and appears to have been filed by the plaintiff in an effort to silence or intimidate critics. In many instances, a SLAPP motion, either with or without Section 230 analysis, is an effective method of ending a case that targets a defendant for speech on issues of public importance.34 For example, there have been several cases where local politicians have sued online discussion fora, newsletters, or blogs to silence criticism.35

Finding 4: Forty three percent of decisions’ core claims related to allegations of defamation, just like in the Stratton Oakmont v. Prodigy Services36 case that spurred the passage of Section 230.

More than forty-three percent of the decisions IA reviewed involved claims of defamation.37 The next closest category of case, roughly 10 percent, relates to claims asserting online platforms violated the First Amendment or other legal protections by removing, refusing, or limiting user content.

Other categories of cases include: 1) intellectual property cases where Section 230 was asserted against non-IP state tort claims (8 percent);38 2) unfair commercial practices (6 percent);39 and 3) a range of other allegations including negligence, failure to warn, and state regulatory claims — all in far smaller numbers.

Finding 5: Cases involving allegations of federal or state criminal activity were frequently decided in whole, or in part, on other grounds.

Though in place since 1996, Section 230 was rarely discussed by the news media prior to the attention garnered by criminal and civil enforcement efforts in relation to the Backpage service. Given the serious harm to victims of sex trafficking crimes and the perception that Section 230 was an obstacle to criminal or civil action against Backpage, Congress passed the SESTA/FOSTA amendments to Section 230.40 The federal government ultimately used its criminal enforcement authority, not the new provisions created by SESTA/FOSTA, against Backpage, but there remains a perception that Section 230 protects bad actors who actively participate in criminal enterprises.

In our case review, we found that the reality is substantially more complicated as it relates to Backpage41 and in cases involving other defendants. Close examination of court decisions shows that Section 230 was seldom the sole basis on which a court decided the fate of claims based on allegations of violations of state or federal criminal laws. The sample size of state efforts to enforce criminal laws where Section 230 came into play is small, and not all of those were government prosecutions. At least two of the cases involving Backpage and state Attorneys General were lawsuits brought to challenge the constitutionality of state laws specifically designed to target Backpage’s business model,42 and another case was a First Amendment lawsuit against a sheriff who was pressuring payment processors not to work with Backpage.43

More frequently, the decisions reviewed in this category were in private civil actions related to alleged violations of state and federal criminal laws. The largest number of these cases involve claims filed against social media companies based on the federal Anti-Terrorism Act.44 Of the 14 decisions reviewed, the claims were dismissed in each instance.45 Approximately 70 percent percent of these judgments were decided against the plaintiffs without relying on Section 230, and instead focused on the plaintiffs’ failure to assert a legally valid claim under the Anti-Terrorism Act.46 Even where Section 230 was the basis for dismissal, the underlying facts and claims in the cases were largely identical to those dismissed on other grounds47 and just as easily could have been resolved based on the failure to state a claim as they were in the other cases.

Finding 6: Section 230 protects providers who engage in content moderation, but typically through application of subsection (c)(1) rather than (c)(2).

Section 230 has two operative provisions. Section 230(c)(1) contains the immunity that provides that an interactive computer service shall not be held liable as the speaker of content provided by a third party. Section 230(c)(2) has the “Good Samaritan” clause which provides immunity for actions taken “voluntarily” in “good faith” to restrict content that is “obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable.” Of the decisions reviewed pertaining to content moderation decisions made by a provider to either allow content to remain available or remove or restrict content, only 19 of the opinions focused on Section 230(c)(2). Of these, the vast majority involved disputes over provider efforts to block spam.48 The remainder were resolved under Section 230(c)(1),49 Anti-SLAPP motions,50 the First Amendment,51 or for failure to state a claim based on other deficiencies.52

Another reason (c)(2) has not been invoked more often in cases where providers are sued for removing content is that many of those lawsuits are based on assertions that the provider has violated the First Amendment rights of the user whose content was removed.53

As the First Amendment only applies to government actors, these cases have been dismissed for failure to state a claim without the necessity of defendants asserting or a court analyzing Section 230. In fact, courts have found that service providers have First Amendment rights on whether and how to display content.

Conclusion

In our review, we saw that the importance of Section 230 is best demonstrated by the cases that few have heard of and that will never make headlines — whether they involve a group of soccer parents, discussion boards for nurses and police, or a local newspaper’s comments section. When it passed in 1996, Section 230 removed legal disincentives for those who offer online services to engage in responsible content moderation activities and to allow online services to grow and innovate, striking a careful balance that is being evaluated today. To assess how Section 230 has performed over the last decade, it is critical to avoid drawing generalizations from a small set of cases that are not representative of the larger body of case law.

Painting Section 230 with too broad a brush ignores its wide impact and the implications of significant changes to the law. Our review pointed to areas where additional work needs to be done to understand how Section 230 impacts litigation today and whether changes would alter the end result of litigation or simply make it more costly. Finally, the review underscored the importance of understanding the interplay between Section 230 and the First Amendment, recognizing that even without Section 230, the First Amendment will remain. IA looks forward to continuing to support and contribute to efforts to understand these important issues.

APPENDIX:

Methodology

This review started as a refresher on the most well-known Section 230 cases from passage in 1996 to the present. The value of a more extensive review of Section 230 jurisprudence became clear quickly, and the effort was expanded to include the cases cited in those better known cases, as well as the cases cited in those decisions. When those efforts no longer yielded new cases, free legal search services54 were used to check for cases citing the list of Section 230 decisions and to perform keyword searches related to 230, and specific topics and defendants. In many instances, court decisions were readily available from free sites, including directly from the courts.55 When necessary, Pacer was used.

In addition, many readily available online resources and academic literature on Section 230, including Professor Eric Goldman’s blog, the Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Section 230 archive maintained by Professor Goldman and Professor Jeff Kosseff, and the Digital Media Law Program’s archived site were used as a source for cases.

The goal for this project was to track what courts and, to a lesser extent, litigants do when presented with questions touching on Section 230. For this reason, there was less focus on the final result in any given case, including whether it is still good law. An effort was made to track down the result of cases where Section 230 was asserted, but no decision was rendered. The decision referenced is generally the ruling that considered Section 230 in the most depth and does not necessarily reflect the decision of the highest court in that case (e.g. a magistrate’s findings and recommendations may have been included over a district court decision merely adopting the recommendation in the ruling). There are some cases where Section 230 was not, or has not yet been, asserted but where it would be applicable (e.g., where platforms are sued for content removal and could assert Section 230(c)(1) or (2), but instead relied on First Amendment arguments). Where litigation was repetitive, only one decision was included with only a few exceptions which were included because they are notable examples of litigious plaintiffs.

Decisions were tracked based on the case name,56 a case category assigned based on predominant type of claim, the decision of the court regarding 230 (including where there was none), case number, and date of decision.

• Cases in our sample:
  • 800-JR Cigar, Inc. v. GoTo.com, D.N.J., No. 00-3179, Jul 13, 2006
  • A.R.K. v. La Petite Academy, W.D. Tex., No. SA-18-CV-294-XR, May 2, 2018
  • Abate v. Maine Antique Digest, Mass. Super., No. 03-3759, Jan 26, 2004
  • Acquino v. Electriciti, Inc, Cal. Super., No. 984751, Feb 18, 1997
  • Advanfort Co. v. Int’l. Registries, Inc., E.D. Va., No. 1:15-cv-220, May 12, 2015
  • AF Holdings LLC v. Burnell, W.D. Mich., No. 1:12-cv-01256-GJQ, Mar 21, 2013
  • AF Holdings LLC v. Dawkins, S.D. Mich., No. 2:12-cv-13436-AJT-LJM, Oct 31, 2012
  • AF Holdings LLC v. Doe, S.D. Cal., No. 5:12-CV-02048-EJD, Oct 3, 2012
  • AF Holdings LLC v. Johnson, E.D. Mich., No. 2:12-cv-13434, Oct 31, 2012
  • Airbnb, Inc. v. City and County of San Francisco, N.D. Cal., No. 3:16-cv-03615-JD, Nov 8, 2016
  • Airbnb, Inc. v. City of Anaheim, C.D. Cal., No. 8:16-cv-01398, Jul 28, 2016
  • Airbnb, Inc. v. City of Boston, D. Mass., No. 18-12358-LTS, May 3, 2019
  • Airbnb, Inc. v. City of Miami Beach, S.D. Fla., No. 1:19-cv-20045, Jan 4, 2019
  • Airbnb, Inc. v. County of Palm Beach, S.D. Fla., No. 9:18-cv-81640, Nov 30, 2018
  • Airbnb, Inc. v. Schneiderman, S.D.N.Y., No. 1:16-cv-08239, Dec 5, 2016
  • Al Harabi v. TheBlaze, Inc., D. Mass., No. 14-11550-PBS, Aug 9, 2016
  • Albert v. Ragland, Cal. App., No. G052204, Mar 6, 2018
  • Albert v. Yelp, Inc., Cal. App., No. G051607, Jul 15, 2016
  • Allstate N.J. Ins. Co. v. Amazon.com, Inc., D. N.J., No. 17-2738 (FLW) (LHG), Jul 24, 2018
  • Almeida v. Amazon.com, Inc., 11th Circuit, No. 04-15341, Jul 18, 2006
  • Alvi Armani Medical, Inc. v. Hennessey, S.D. Fla., No. 08-21449-CIV, Dec 9, 2008
  • Amcol Sys. v. Lemberg Law, LLC, D.S.C., No. 3:15-3422-CM, Feb 16, 2016
  • Amer. Income Life Ins. Co. v. GOOGLE, Inc., N.D. Ala., No. 11-CV-4126-SLB, Sep 8, 2014
  • America Online, Inc. v. GreatDeals.Net, E.D. Va., No. Civ.A. 99-62-A, May 4, 1999
  • American Freedom Defense Initiative v. Lynch, D.D.C., No. 16-1437 (JEB), Nov 9, 2016
  • American Income Life Insurance Co. v. Google, Inc., N.D. Ala., No. 2:11-CV-4126-SLB, Sep 8, 2014
  • Amerigas Propane, L.P. v. Opinion Corp., E.D. Pa., No. 2:12-cv-00713-RB, Jun 19, 2012
  • Anthony v. Yahoo! Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C-05-04175 RMW, Mar 17, 2006
  • Ark Promotions, Inc. v. Justin.tv, Inc., D. Mass., No. 3:12-cv-131-RJC-DCK, Oct 17, 2012
  • Ascend Health Corp. v. Wells, E.D.N.C., No. 4:12-CV-00083-BR, Mar 14, 2013
  • Ascentive, LLC v. Opinion Corp., E.D.N.Y., No. 10 Civ. 4433(ILG)(SMG), Dec 13, 2011
  • Asia Economic Institute v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC LLC, C.D. Cal., No. 2:10-cv-01360, May 4, 2011
  • Associated Bank-Corp v. Earthlink, Inc., W.D. Wis., No. 05-C-0233-S, Sep 13, 2005
  • Atari Interactive, Inc. v. Sunfrog, N.D. Cal., No. 3:18-cv-04949, Aug 13, 2019
  • Atlantic Recording Corp. v. Project Playlist, Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 08 Civ. 3922 (DC), Mar 25, 2009
  • Austin v. CrystalTech Web Hosting, Ariz. App., No. 1 CA-CV 04-0823, Dec 22, 2005
  • Avalos v. IAC/Interactive Corp., S.D.N.Y., No. 1:13-cv-08351-JMF, Oct 30, 2014
  • Avery v. Idleaire Technologies Corp., E.D. Tenn., No. 3:04-CV-312, May 29, 2007
  • Ayyadurai v. Floor64, Inc., D. Mass., No. Civ.A. 17-10011-FDS, Sep 6, 2017
  • Bacharach v. Garcia, Tex. App., No. 14-14-00958-CV, Feb 2, 2016
  • Backpage.com, LLC v. Cooper, M.D. Tenn., No. 3:12-cv-00654, Jan 3, 2013
  • Backpage.com, LLC v. Hawley, E.D. Mo., No. 4:17-CV-1951 PLC, Nov 28, 2017
  • Backpage.com, LLC v. Hoffman, D.N.J., No. 2:13-cv-03952-CCC-JBC, Jul 12, 2018
  • Backpage.com, LLC v. McKenna, W.D. Wash., No. 2:12-cv-000954-RSM, Jul 27, 2012
  • Baldino’s Lock & Key Service v. Google, Inc., E.D. Va., No. 1:14-cv-00636, Jan 27, 2015
  • Bank Julius Baer & Co. Ltd. v. Wikileaks, N.D. Cal., No. 3:08-cv-00824-JSW, Feb 26, 2018
  • Barnes v. Yahoo!, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 05-36189, Jun 22, 2009
  • Barrett v. Fonorow, Ill. App., No. 2-02-0886, Oct 28, 2003
  • Barrett v. Rosenthal, Cal., No. S122953, Nov 20, 2006
  • Bartholomew v. YouTube LLC, Cal. App., No. H042775, Nov 2, 2017
  • Batzel v. Smith, 9th Circuit, No. 01-56380, 01-56556, Jun 24, 2003
  • Bauer v. Glatzer, D.N.J., No. L-1169-07, Jul 21, 2008
  • Beckman v. Match.com, LLC, 9th Circuit, No. CV 13-0097 JCM NJK, Nov 21, 2018
  • Ben Ezra, Weinstein, & Co. v. America Online Inc., 10th Circuit, No. 99-2068, Mar 14, 2000
  • Bennett v. Google, Inc., D.D.C., No. 2016-2283, Jun 21, 2017
  • Bergraft v. Ebay, Inc., N.J. Super., No. L-566-02, Oct 1, 2003
  • Bernath v. Tabitha J., D. Or., No. 1305-06167, Aug 26, 2013
  • Best Western Int’l. v. Furber, D. Ariz., No. CV-06-1537-PHX-DGC, Sep 5, 2008
  • Beyer v. Parents For Megan’s Law, N.Y. Sup., No. 13-15544, Mot. Seq. No. 001-MG, Jun 19, 2014
  • Beyond Sys., Inc. v. Keynetics, Inc., D. Md., No. CIV.PJM 04-686, Feb 14, 2006
  • Black v. Google, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 10-16992, Nov 1, 2011
  • Blockowicz v. Williams, N.D. Ill., No. 09-C-3955, Dec 21, 2009
  • Blumenthal v. Drudge, D.D.C., No. CIV.A. 97-1968 PLF, Apr 22, 1998
  • Bollaert v. Gore, S.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-2022-WQH-AGS, Nov 5, 2018
  • Bowen v. YouTube, Inc., W.D. Wash., No. C08-5050FDB, Apr 15, 2008
  • Bravado v. Gearlaunch, C.D. Cal., No. 2:16-cv-08657, Feb 9, 2018
  • Braverman v. Yelp, Inc., N.Y. Sup., No. 15189 158299/13, Jun 28, 2013
  • Brennerman v. Guardian News & Media Limited, D. Del., No. 14-188-SLR/SRF, Mar 30, 2016
  • Brittan v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 19-cv-00114-YGR, Jun 10, 2019
  • Browne v. Avvo, Inc., W.D. Wash., No. C07-0920RSL, Dec 18, 2007
  • Brummer v. Wey, N.Y. Sup., No. 153583/2015, Motion Seq. No. 004, Mar 1, 2016
  • Buza v. Yahoo! Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C 11-4422 RS, Oct 24, 2011
  • Cain v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-02506-JD, Sep 24, 2018
  • Capital Corp. Merchant Banking v. Corp. Colocation Inc., M.D. Fla., No. 6:07-cv-1626-Orl-19KRS, Aug 27, 2008
  • Caraccioli v. Facebook, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 16-15610, Jun 6, 2017
  • Carafano v. Metrosplash.com, Inc., C.D. Cal., No. CV-01-0018 DT(CWX), Mar 11, 2002
  • Carpenter v. Amazon.com, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-03221-JST, Mar 19, 2019
  • Carter Page v. Oath Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 1:17-cv-06990, Mar 20, 2018
  • Casterlow-Bey v. Amazon. com, W.D. Wash., No. 3:17-cv-05833-RJB, Mar 19, 2018
  • Casterlow-Bey v. Ebay, Inc., W.D. Wash., No. 3:17-cv-05687-RJB, Dec 29, 2017
  • Casterlow-Bey v. Google.com, Inc., W.D. Wash., No. 3:17-cv-05686, Jan 18, 2018
  • Castleberry v. Angie’s List, Inc., Ala., No. 1180241, May 17, 2019
  • Cats and Dogs Animal Hospital, Inc. v. Yelp! Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 3:10-cv-02351, May 28, 2010
  • Cerny v. The Boulevard Del, Inc., M.D. Fla., No. 6:18-cv-01808, Jul 11, 2019
  • Certain Approval Programs LLC v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, D. Ariz., No. CV08-1608-PHX-NVW, Mar 9, 2009
  • Chang v. Wozo LLC, D. Mass., No. 11-10245-DJC, Mar 28, 2012
  • Chelsea Fine Cust. Kit., Inc. v. Apt. Therapy LLC, N.Y. Sup., No. 0603554/2007, Feb 8, 2008
  • Chicago Lawyers’ Comm., Civ. Rights v. craigslist, Inc., 7th Circuit, No. 07-1101, Mar 14, 2008
  • Children of America, Inc. v. Magedson, Ariz. Super., No. 2007-003720, Oct 24, 2007
  • Choyce v. SF Bay Independent Media Center, N.D. Cal., No. 13-cv-08142-JST, Dec 2, 2013
  • Cisneros v. Yahoo! Inc., Cal. Super., No. CGC-04-433518, Nov 6, 2008
  • City of Chicago, Ill. v. StubHub!, Inc.,, 7th Circuit, 624 F.3d 363, Sep 29, 2010
  • City of Portland v. HomeAway. com, Inc., D. Or., No. 3:15-cv-01984-MO, Mar 9, 2017
  • Clayborn v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-06894-LB, Dec 31, 2018
  • Cohen v. Facebook, Inc., E.D.N.Y., No. 16-CV-4453 (NGG) (LB) 16-CV-5158 (NGG) (LB), May 18, 2017
  • Cohen v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C 10-5282 RS, Jun 28, 2011
  • Collins v. Purdue University, N.D. Ind., No. 4:09-cv-12, Mar 24, 2010
  • Colon v. Twitter, Inc., M.D. Fla., No. 6:18-cv-00515, Apr 4, 2018
  • Competitive Enterprise Institute v. Mann, D.C. App., No. 14-CV-101, Dec 22, 2016
  • Congoo, LLC v. Revcontent, LLC, D.N.J., No. 16-401 (MAS) (TJB), Apr 15, 2016
  • Consumer Cellular, Inc. v. ConsumerAffairs.com, D. Or., No. 3:15-CV-1908-PK, Feb 29, 2016
  • Copeland v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-05851-WHO, Nov 29, 2018
  • Corbis Corp. v. Amazon.com, Inc., W.D. Wash., No. CV03-1415L, Dec 21, 2004
  • Cornelius v. Deluca, D. Idaho, No. CV-10-27-S-BLW, Apr 26, 2010
  • Courtney v. Vereb, E.D. La., No. CIV.A. 12-655, Jun 21, 2012
  • Cox v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C17-cv-05710-SBA, Mar 20, 2019
  • Craft Beer Stellar LLC v. Glassdoor, Inc., D. Mass., No. 18-10510-FDS, Oct 17, 2018
  • Craigslist, Inc. v. McMaster, D.S.C., No. 09-cv-01308-CWH, Aug 5, 2010
  • Criswell v. MySpace, LLC, N.D. Ill., No. 1:08-cv-01578, Mar 19, 2018
  • Crosby v. Twitter, Inc., E.D. Mich., No. 16-14406, Mar 30, 2018
  • Cross v. Facebook, Inc., Cal. App., No. A148623, Aug 9, 2017
  • Cruz v. Sickle, Tex. App., No. 15-0129, Jun 24, 2015
  • Cunningham v. Montes, W.D. Wis., No. 16-cv-761-jdp, May 3, 2019
  • Curran v. Amazon.com, Inc., S.D.W. Va., No. 2:07-0354, Feb 19, 2008
  • CYBERsitter LLC v. Google, Inc., C.D. Cal., No. CV 12-5293 RSWL, Oct 24, 2012
  • D. Nunes v. Twitter, Inc., Va. Cir. Ct., No. CL19-1715-00, Jun 24, 2020
  • D.F. Pace v. Baker-White, E.D. Pa., No. 2:19-cv-04827-WB, Jan 13, 2020
  • Daniel v. Armslist, LLC, Wis., No. 2017AP000344, Apr 30, 2019
  • Darnaa LLC v. Google, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 15-cv-03221-RMW, Feb 21, 2017
  • David Werner Int’l. Corp. v. Gray, N.Y. Sup., No. 102547/09, Seq. No. 003, Jan 19, 2011
  • Davis v. Motiva Enterprises LLC, Tex. App., No. 09-14-00434, Apr 2, 2015
  • Davison v. Facebook, Inc., E.D. Va., No. 18-cv-1125 (AJT/TCB), Feb 26, 2019
  • Deer Consumer Products v. Little, N.Y. Sup., No. 650823/11, Aug 31, 2011
  • Dehen v. Doe, S.D. Cal., No. 17cv198-LAB (WCG), Sep 19, 2018
  • Delfino v. Agilent Technologies, Inc., Cal. App., No. H028993, Dec 14, 2006
  • DeLIMA v. YouTUBE, LLC,, D.N.H., No. 17-cv-733-PB, Apr 3, 2019
  • Despot v. Baltimore Life Insurance Co., W.D. Pa., No. 15-1672, Jun 28, 2016
  • Devere Group GMBH v. Opinion Corp., E.D.N.Y., No. 1:11-cv-03360-FB-LB, Jul 13, 2012
  • Diamond Ranch Acad., Inc. v. Filer, D. Utah, No. 2:14-CV-751-TC, Feb 17, 2016
  • DiMeo v. Max, E.D. Pa., No. 06-cv-01544, Sep 19, 2007
  • Dimetriades v. Yelp, Inc., Cal. App., No. B247151, Jul 24, 2014
  • DiNapoli v. Yelp Inc., D. Mass., No. 18-10776-FDS, Jan 15, 2019
  • Dipp-Paz v. Facebook, S.D.N.Y., No. 18-CV-9037 (LLS), Jul 12, 2019
  • Directory Assistants, Inc. v. SUPERMEDIA, LLC, E.D. Va., No. CIV.A. 2:11cv480, May 30, 2012
  • Doctor’s Associates, Inc. v. QIP Holder, LLC, D. Conn., No. 3:06-cv-1710, Feb 19, 2010
  • Doe II v. MySpace, Inc., Ca. Ct. App., No. B205643, Jun 30, 2009
  • Doe IX v. MySpace, Inc., E.D. Tex., No. 4:08-CV-140, May 22, 2009
  • Doe v. American Online, Inc., Fla., No. SC94355, Mar 8, 2001
  • Doe v. City of NY, S.D.N.Y., No. 06-CV-13738(BSJ), Feb 6, 2008
  • Doe v. Facebook, Inc., Tex. Dist., No. 2018-69816 & 82214, May 22, 2019
  • Doe v. GTE Corp., 7th Circuit, No. 02-4323, Oct 21, 2003
  • Doe v. Match.com, C.D. Cal., No. CV 11-03795 SVW JENX, May 25, 2011
  • Doe v. MySpace, Inc., 5th Circuit, No. 07-5035, May 16, 2008
  • Doe v. Sexsearch.com, 6th Circuit, No. 07-4182, Dec 30, 2008
  • Does #1-#90 v. Salesforce, Cal. Super., No. CGC19574770, Oct 3, 2019
  • Does v. Bates, E.D. Tex., No. 5:05-CV-91-DF-CMC, Dec 27, 2006
  • Domen v. Vimeo, Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 1:19-cv-08418-SDA, Jan 14, 2020
  • Donaher v. Vannini, Me. Super., No. CV-16-0213, Aug 18, 2017
  • Donato v. Moldow, N.J. Super., No. BER-L-6214-01, Jan 31, 2005
  • Dowbenko v. Google Inc., 11th Circuit, No. 13-cv-23546-UU, Dec 19, 2013
  • Dyer v. Dirty World, LLC, D. Ariz., No. CV-11-0074-PHX-SMM, Jun 2, 2011
  • Dyroff v. Ultimate Software Group, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 3:17-cv-05359-LB, Aug 20, 2019
  • E360INSIGHT, LLC v. Comcast Corp., N.D. Ill., No. 08 C 340, Apr 10, 2008
  • Eade v. Investorshub.com, Inc., C.D. Cal., No. 2:11-cv-01315, Jul 12, 2011
  • Eagle Ridge Townhouse Ass’n v. Snapp, Ill. App., No. 2-18-0634, Aug 19, 2019
  • Earth Flag Ltd. v. Alamo Flag Co., S.D.N.Y., No. 00 CIV. 3961, May 17, 2001
  • East Coast Test Prep LLC v. Allnurses. com, Inc., D. Minn., No. Civ. 15-3705 (JRT/SER), Jan 29, 2018
  • Ebeid v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 18-cv-07030-JPH, May 9, 2019
  • Eberhart v. Amazon.com, Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 16-CV-8546 (JPO), Aug 27, 2018
  • Echenique v. Google, Inc., D. Colo., No. 12-cv-00883-BNB, Jul 5, 2012
  • Eckert v. Microsoft Corp., E.D. Mich., No. 06-11888, Feb 13, 2007
  • Ecommerce Innovations, L.L.C. v. Does 1-10,, D. Ariz., No. MC-08-93, Feb 10, 2009
  • eDrop-off Chicago LLC v. Burke, C.D. Cal., No. 2:12-cv-04095, Aug 9, 2013
  • Elliott v. Donegan, E.D.N.Y., No. 1:18-cv-05680-LDH-SJB, Jun 30, 2020
  • Energy Automation Systems v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, M.D. Tenn., No. 3:06-1079, May 25, 2007
  • Enigma Software Group USA, LLC v. Bleeping Computer LLC, S.D.N.Y., No. 2016-cv-00057, Jul 8, 2019
  • Enigma Software Grp. U.S. v. Malwarebytes, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 17-17351, Sep 12, 2019
  • Espinoza v. County of Orange, Cal. App., No. G043067, Consol. with G043345, Feb 9, 2012
  • Estavillo v. Sony Computer Entm’t Am., N.D. Cal., No. C-09-03007 RMW, Sep 22, 2009
  • Evans v. Hewlett-Packard Company, N.D. Cal., No. C 13-02477 WHA, Oct 10, 2013
  • e-ventures Worldwide, LLC v. Google Inc., M.D. Fla., No. 14-cv-646-FtM-PAM-CM, Feb 8, 2017
  • Faegin v. LivingSocial, Inc., S.D. Cal., No. 14cv00418-WQH-KSC, Mar 16, 2015
  • Faegre & Benson LLP v. Purdy, D. Minn., No. CIV. 03-6472MJDJGL, Apr 27, 2005
  • Fair Housing Council v. Roommates.com, 9th Circuit, No. 521 F.3d 1157, Apr 3, 2008
  • Fakhrian v. Google, Inc., Cal. App., No. B260705, Apr 25, 2017
  • Farris v. GoAntiques Inc., S.D. Ohio, No. 2:05-cv-00227, Apr 4, 2006
  • Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Accusearch Inc., 10th Circuit, No. 08-8003, Jun 29, 2009
  • Fed. Trade Comm’n v. EMP Media, Inc., D. Nev., No. 2:18-cv-00035, Jun 18, 2018
  • Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Leadclick Media, Inc., 2nd Circuit, No. 15-1009-cv, 15-1014-cv August Term 2015, Sep 23, 2016
  • Federal Agency of News LLC v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 18-CV-07041-LHK, Jul 20, 2019
  • Ferhenrbach v. Zeldin, E.D.N.Y., No. 17-CV-5282(JFB)(ARL), Sep 5, 2018
  • Ferrell v. Google, D. Md., No. TDC-15-1604, Jul 31, 2015
  • Ferrell v. Yahoo, D. Md., No. TDC-15-1618, Jul 31, 2015
  • Fields v. Twitter, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 16-17165, Jan 31, 2018
  • Finkel v. Facebook, Inc., N.Y. Sup., No. 102578/09, Jun 2, 2009
  • Fleming v. Duncan, Ga. Super., No. 2010CV0966, Oct 4, 2010
  • Florida Abolitionist, Inc. v. Backpage.com, LLC, M.D. Fla., No. 6:17-cv-218-Orl-28TBS, Dec 5, 2018
  • Force v. Facebook, Inc., E.D.N.Y., No. 16-CV-5158 (NGG) (LB), Jan 17, 2018
  • Ford v. Pacific Webworks, Inc, N.D. Ill., No. 09 C 7867, Feb 4, 2011
  • Foster v. Matlock, N.Y. Sup., No. 110365/11, May 22, 2012
  • Fox v. Albanese, N.Y. Super., No. 108169/2010, Mar 24, 2011
  • Fox v. Amazon.com, Inc., 6th Circuit, No. 18-5661, Jun 10, 2019
  • Fraley v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 11-CV-01726-LHK, Dec 16, 2011
  • Franklin v. X Gear 101, LLC, S.D.N.Y., No. 17 Civ. 6452, Aug 28, 2018
  • Free Kick Master LLC v. Apple Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 15-cv-03403-PJH, Oct 19, 2015
  • Frenken v. Hunter, N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-02667-HSG, Apr 26, 2018
  • Frontier Van Line Moving & Storage, Inc. v. Valley SOLN, W.D. Pa., No. 2:11-cv-00526-AJS, May 24, 2011
  • Fyk v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C 18-05159-JSW, Jun 18, 2019
  • Gabiola v. Mugshots.com, LLC, N.D. Ill., No. 1:14-cv-09351, Nov 21, 2014
  • Gains v. Romkey, Ill. App., No. 11-0594, Jul 3, 2012
  • Gallipeau v. Myspace.com, 4th Circuit, No. 06-2319, Feb 28, 2017
  • Garber v. Amazon.com, Inc., N.D. Ill., No. 2017cv00673, Mar 31, 2019
  • Gaston v. Facebook, Inc., D. Or., No. 3:12-cv-0063-ST, Feb 24, 2012
  • Gauk v. Karamian, W.D. Tenn., No. 2:11-cv-02346-JPM-tmp, Jul 29, 2011
  • Gavra v. Google Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 12-CV-06547-PSG, Jul 17, 2013
  • General Steel Domestic Sales, LLC v. Chumley, 10th Circuit, No. 15-1293, Nov 1, 2016
  • Gentry v. Ebay, Inc., Cal. App., No. D037661, Jun 26, 2002
  • George May Int’l v. Xcentric Ventures, N.D. Ill., No. 04 C 6018, Jan 18, 2006
  • Getachew v. Google, Inc., 10th Circuit, No. 12-cv-00896-BNB, Aug 9, 2012
  • Gibson v. Craigslist, Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 08 Civ. 7735 (RMB), Jun 15, 2009
  • Gilmore v. Jones, W.D. Va., No. No. 3:18-cv-00017, Mar 29, 2019
  • Giordano v. Romeo, Fla. App., No. 3D11-707, Dec 28, 2011
  • GiveForward, Inc. v. Hodges, D. Md., Civ. No. JFM-13-1891, Aug 6, 2015
  • Global Royalties v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, D. Ariz., No. CV-07-0956-PHX-FJM, Feb 28, 2008
  • GoDaddy, Inc. v. Toups, Tex. App., No. 09-13-00285-CV, Apr 10, 2014
  • Goddard v. Google, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C 08-2738 JF (PVT), Jul 30, 2009
  • GOLO, LLC v. Higher Health Network, LLC, S.D. Cal., No. 3:18-cv-2434-GPC-MSB, Feb 5, 2019
  • Gonzales v. Google, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 16-cv-03282-DMR, Oct 23, 2017
  • Google Inc. v. myTriggers.com Inc., Ohio Com. Pleas, No. 09CVH10-14836, Aug 31, 2011
  • Google v. Equustek Solutions Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 5:17-cv-04207-EJD, Nov 2, 2017
  • Google, Inc. v. American Blind and Wallpaper Factory, Inc., M.D. Fla., No. C 03-05340 JF, Mar 30, 2005
  • Google, Inc. v. Hood, S.D. Miss., No. 3:14cv981-HTW-LRA, Mar 27, 2015
  • Goulding v. Xcentric Ventures, D. Utah, No. 2:14-cv-00810, Nov 6, 2014
  • Government Employee Ins. Co. v. Google, Inc., E.D. Va., No. 1:04CV507LMBTCB, Aug 25, 2004
  • Grace v. Neely, Cal. Super., No. BC288836, Apr. 28, 2004
  • Green Group Hldgs v. Schaeffer, S.D. Ala., No. 16-cv-00145, Apr 6, 2016
  • Green v. America Online (AOL), 3rd Circuit, No. 01-1120, Jan 16, 2003
  • Green v. YouTube, LLC, D.N.H., No. 18-cv-203-PB, Mar 13, 2019
  • Griffith v. Wall, Miss. App., No. 2016-CA-01131-COA, Aug 29, 2017
  • Grossman v. Rockaway Twp., N.J. Sup., No. MRS-L-001173-18, Jun 10, 2019
  • Gucci Am., Inc. v. Hall & Assocs., S.D.N.Y., No. 00 Civ 549 RMB, Mar 14, 2001
  • GW Equity, LLC v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, N.D. Tex., No. 3:07-CV-976-O, Jun 2, 2008
  • Hadley v. GateHouse Media Freeport Holdings, Inc., N.D. Ill., No. 12 C 1548, Jul 10, 2012
  • Hall v. Yahoo! Inc., Cal. App., No. BC556269, Aug 3, 2017
  • Hamad v. Center for Study Popular Culture, W.D. Tex., No. 1:06-cv-00285-SS, Jan 17, 2007
  • Hammer v. Amazon.com, E.D.N.Y., No. CV 03-4238(JS), Sep 27, 2005
  • Hardin v. PDX, Inc., Cal. App., No. A137035, Jun 19, 2014
  • Hare v. Richie, D. Md., No. ELH-11-3488, Aug 29, 2012
  • Harrington v. Airbnb, Inc., D. Or., No. 3:17-cv-558-YY, Oct 30, 2018
  • Harris v. Kern Cty. Sheriffs, E.D. Cal., No. 1:19-cv-0262-LJO-JLT, Apr 23, 2019
  • Hassell v. Bird, Cal., No. S235968, Jul 2, 2018
  • Henry v. Google, Inc., S.D. Miss., No. 2:09-cv-00099, May 20, 2009
  • Hepp v. Facebook, Inc., E.D. Pa., No. 2:19-cv-04034-JMY, Jun 5, 2020
  • Herman v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, N.D. Ga., No. 1:10-CV-398-CAP, Feb 14, 2011
  • Herrick v. Grindr, LLC, S.D.N.Y., No. 17-CV-932 (VEC), Jan 25, 2018
  • HEYING v. Anschutz Entm’t Grp., Inc., Cal. App., No. B276375, Nov 29, 2017
  • Hiam v. Homeaway.com, Inc., 1st Circuit, No. 17-1898P, Apr 12, 2018
  • Higher Balance, LLC v. Quantum Futer Group, Inc., D. Or., No. 08-233-HA, Dec 18, 2008
  • Hill v. StubHub, Inc., N.C. App., No. COA11-685, Mar 6, 2012
  • Hinton v. Amazon.com, S.D. Miss., No. 13cv237-KS-MTP, Dec 9, 2014
  • Holomaxx Technologies Corp. v. Microsoft Corp., N.D. Cal., No. 10-cv-04924 JF (HRL), Aug 23, 2011
  • Holomaxx v. Yahoo! Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 10-cv-04926 JF (PSG), Aug 23, 2011
  • Homeaway.com v. City of Santa Monica, 9th Circuit, No. 18-55367, Mar 13, 2019
  • Hopkins v. Doe, N.D. Ga., Civ.A. No. 2:11-CV-100-RWS, Nov 28, 2011
  • Humane Society of the United States v. Amazon.com, Inc., D.D.C., No. 1:07-cv-00623, Jan 24, 2019
  • Huntingdon Life Scis.v. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA, Cal. App., No. D042950, Jun 1, 2005
  • Huon v. Denton, 7th Circuit, No. 15-3049, Nov 14, 2016
  • Hupp v. Freedom Communications, Inc., Cal. App., No. E057390, Nov 7, 2013
  • Hy Cite Corp. v. Badbusinessbureau.com, LLC, D. Ariz., No. CIV.04-2865 PHX EHC, Dec 27, 2005
  • Icon Health & Fitness, Inc. v. Consumeraffairs.com, D. Utah, No. 1:16-cv-00168-DBP, Jun 22, 2017
  • Igbonwa v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 18-cv-02027-JCS, Oct 9, 2018
  • Independent Newspapers, Inc. v. Brodie, Md. App., No. 63 Sept. Term, 2008, Feb 27, 2009
  • Inge v. Walker, N.D. Tex., No. 3:16-CV-0042-B, Oct 26, 2017
  • Inman v. Technicolor USA, Inc., W.D. Pa., No. 11-666, Nov 17, 2011
  • Intellect Art Multimedia, Inc. v. Milewski, N.Y. Sup., No. 117024/08, Sep 11, 2009
  • International Padi, Inc. v. Diverlink, 9th Circuit, No. 03-56478, 03-56788, Jul 13, 2005
  • Internet Brands, Inc. v. Jape, Ga. App., No. A14A0219, A14A0220, Jun 24, 2014
  • J.S. v. Village Voice Media Holdings, LLC, Wash., No. 90510-0, Sep 3, 2015
  • Jane Doe I v. Backpage.com, LLC, D. Mass., No. 17-11069-LTS, Mar 29, 2018
  • Jane Doe No. 14 v. Internet Brands, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 12-56638, May 31, 2016
  • Jane Doe One v. Oliver, Conn. Super., No. CV990151679S, Mar 7, 2000
  • Jane Does v. Friendfinder Network, Inc., D.N.H., No. 07-cv-286, Mar 27, 2008
  • Jayne v. Google Internet Search Engine Founders, M.D. Pa., No. 3:07cv1677, Feb 7, 2008
  • Jefferson v. Zuckerberg, D. Md., No. RDB-17-3299, Jul 3, 2018
  • Jeffrey A. v. Stubhub, Inc., N.C. Super., No. 2011 NCBC 7, Feb 28, 2011
  • Johnson v. Arden, 8th Circuit, No. 09-2601, Aug 4, 2011
  • Johnson v. Twitter, Inc., Cal. Super., No. 18CECG00078, Jun 6, 2018
  • Jones v. Dirty World Entertainment Recordings LLC, 6th Circuit, No. 13-5946, Jun 16, 2014
  • Joseph v. Amazon.com Inc., W.D. Wash., No. C13-1656-JCC, Aug 28, 2014
  • Joude v. WordPress Foundation, N.D. Cal., No. C 14-01656 LB, Jul 3, 2014
  • Joyner v. Lazzareschi, Cal. App., No. G040323, Mar 18, 2009
  • Jurin v. Google Inc., E.D. Cal., No. 2:09-cv-03065-MCE-KJM, Mar 1, 2010
  • Kabbaj v. Google, Inc., D. Del., No. 13-1522-RGA, Apr 7, 2014
  • Kamango v. Facebook, N.D.N.Y., No. 11-CV-0435 (GTS/ATB), May 19, 2011
  • Kangaroo Manufacturing Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., D. Ariz., No. 2:17-cv-01806, Mar 20, 2019
  • Kathleen R. v. City of Livermore, Cal. App., No. A086349, Mar 6, 2001
  • Kempf v. Time, Inc., Cal. Super., No. BC 184799, Jun 11, 1998
  • Kimbrell v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 18-cv-04144-PJH, Feb 14, 2019
  • Kimzey v. Yelp Inc., W.D. Wash., No. C13-1734RAJ, May 7, 2014
  • King v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 19-cv-01987, Sep 5, 2019
  • Klayman v. Zuckerburg, D.D.C., No. 11-874 (RBW), Dec 28, 2012
  • Kowalski v. Koster, W.D. Mo., WL 4349365, Sep 15, 2011
  • Kronemyer v. Internet Movie Data Base, Inc., Cal. App., No. B193613, Apr 13, 2007
  • Kruska v. Perverted Justice Foundation Inc., D. Ariz., No. CV 08-0054-PHX-SMM, Apr 5, 2011
  • Kuersteiner v. Schrader, N.Y. Sup., No. 100089/08, Oct 14, 2008
  • La Park La Brea LLC v. Airbnb, Inc., C.D. Cal., No. CV 17-4885 DMG (AS), Dec 29, 2017
  • Lancaster v. Alphabet Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 15-cv-05299-HSG, Jul 8, 2016
  • Landry-Bell v. Various, Inc.,, W.D. La., No. 5:05-1526-TS-MLH, Feb 2, 2006
  • Langdon v. Google, Inc., D. Del., No. CIV.A. 06-319-JJF, Feb 20, 2007
  • Lansing v. Southwest Airlines Company, Ill. App., No. 1-10-1164, Jun 8, 2012
  • Lasoff v. Amazon.com Inc., W.D. Wash., No. C16-151 BJR, Jan 16, 2017
  • La’Tiejirra v. Facebook, Inc., S.D. Tex., No. Civ. A. H-16-2574, Aug 7, 2017
  • Lee v. OfferUp, Inc., E.D. La., No. 2:2017cv01609, Sep 7, 2018
  • Levine v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, N.D. Ga., No. 1:18-cv-00841, Feb 23, 2018
  • Leviston v. Jackson, S.D.N.Y., No. 15 Civ. 4563 (KPF), Jun 12, 2015
  • Levitt v. Yelp! Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 11-17676, Sep 2, 2014
  • Lewis v. YouTube, Cal. App., No. CV256300, Jan 25, 2016
  • Life Designs Ranch, Inc. v. Sommer, Wash. App., No. 32922-4-Ill, Nov 12, 2015
  • Lightspeed Media Corp. v. Smith, S.D. Ill., No. 12-cv-00889, Aug 29, 2012
  • Logue v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, S.D. Ga., No. 5:14-cv-00037, Apr 30, 2014
  • Lomax v. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., D. Mass., No. 19-cv-30025-KAR, Jul 1, 2019
  • Long v. Dorsett, N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-02758-PJH, Feb 22, 2019
  • Lukis v. Whitepages, Inc., N.D. Ill., No. 1:19-cv-04871, Apr 16, 2020
  • Lunney v. Prodigy Servs. Co., N.Y., [723 N.E.2d 539 (NY 1999)], Dec 2, 1999
  • M.A. v. Village Voice Media Holdings, LLC, E.D. Mo., No. 4:10cv1740 TCM, Aug 15, 2011
  • M.L. v. craigslist, Inc., W.D. Wa., 3:19-cv-06153-BHS-TLF, Apr 17, 2020
  • Mail Abuse Prevention Sys. LLC v. Black Ice Software, Inc., Cal. Super., No. CV 788630, Oct 13, 2000
  • Mainstream Loudoun v. Bd. of Trust. of Loudoun, E.D. Va., No. Civ.A. 97-2049-A, Nov 23, 1998
  • Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, N.D. Ind., No. 2:13-CV-135-RLM-JEM, Mar 17, 2014
  • Manchanda v. Google, Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 16-CV-3350(JPO), Nov 16, 2016
  • Marfione v. Kai U.S.A. Ltd., W.D. Pa., No. 17-70, Mar 28, 2018
  • Marshall Locksmith Service v. Google LLC, D.D.C., No. 18-7018, Jun 7, 2019
  • Maughan v. Google Technology Inc., Cal. App., No. B183969, Oct 11, 2006
  • Mayhew v. Dunn, Vt. Super., No. 580-11-07 Wmev, Mar 18, 2018
  • Maynard v. Snapchat, Inc., Ga. App., No. A18A0749, Jun 7, 2018
  • Mazur v. Ebay, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C 07-03967 MHP, Mar 3, 2008
  • McCready v. Ebay, Inc., 7th Circuit, No. 05-2450, Jul 10, 2006
  • McDonald v. LG Chem Ltd., D. Md., No. RDB-16-1093, May 8, 2017
  • MCW v. Badbusinessbureau.com LLC, N.D. Tex., No. 3:02-CV-2727-G, Apr 19, 2004
  • Mealer v. GMAC Mortgage LLC, D. Ariz., No. 3:10-cv-08172 JWS, Mar 25, 2011
  • Medytox Solutions Inc. v. Investorshub.com Inc., Fla. App., No. 4D13–3469, Dec 3, 2014
  • Megalla v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 3:18-cv-00543, Jan 25, 2018
  • Merritt v. LexisNexis, E.D. Mich., No. 13-CV-10768, Oct 23, 2012
  • Mezey v. Twitter, Inc., S.D. Fla., No. 18-cv-21069-KMM, Jul 19, 2018
  • Mezzacappa v. O’Hare, Pa. Com. Pleas, No. C-48-CV-2014-4521, Mar 31, 2015
  • Miles v. Raycom Media, Inc., S.D. Miss., No. 1:09CV713-LG-RHW, Aug 26, 2010
  • Miller v. Federal Express Corp., Ind. App., No. 49A02-1307-PL-619, Apr 3, 2014
  • Milo v. Martin, Tex. App., No. 09-09-00145, Apr 29, 2010
  • Mitan v. Neuman Associates LLC, D.N.J., No. 3:08-cv-06154-GEB-DEA, Nov 17, 2010
  • Mmubango v. Google, Inc., E.D. Pa., No. 12-1300, Feb 22, 2013
  • Monsarrat v. Zaiger, N.D. Cal., No. 17-10356-PBS, Aug 13, 2018
  • Moretti v. The Hertz Co., D. Del., No. 14-469-LPS, Mar 17, 2017
  • Morrison v. America Online, Inc., N.D. Ind., No. 3:00CV0723AS, August 2, 20001
  • Mosha v. Yandex Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 18 Civ. 5444 (ER), Sep 30, 2019
  • Moving & Storage, Inc. v. Panayotov, D. Mass., No. 12-12262-GAO, Mar 12, 2014
  • Murawski v. Pataki, S.D.N.Y., No. 06 Civ. 12965(RJH), Sep 26, 2007
  • Murphy v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. CGC-19-573712, Jun 12, 2019
  • NAACP NY St. Conf….. v. Philips Elec., N.Y. Sup., No. 156382/15, Motion Seq. No. 008, Oct 13, 2016
  • Nail v. Schrauben, W.D. Mich., No. 1:15-CV-177, Jan 22, 2016
  • Nasser v. White Pages, Inc., W.D. Va., No. 5:12cv097, Nov 21, 2013
  • National Association of Deaf v. Harvard University, D. Mass., No. 3:15-cv-30023-KAR, Mar 28, 2019
  • National Numismatic Certification, LLC v. eBay, Inc., M.D. Fla., No. 6:08-cv-42-Orl-19GJK, Jul 8, 2008
  • Nat’l FHA v. Facebook, Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 1:18-cv-02689, Mar 27, 2018
  • Neely v. NameMedia, W.D. Ark., No. 09-5151, Dec 16, 2010
  • Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v. Consumeraffairs. com, Inc., 4th Circuit, No. 08-2097, Dec 29, 2009
  • Neumont University, LLC v. Little Bizzy, LLC, D. Nev., No. 2:12-cv-01395-GMN-PAL, Mar 15, 2013
  • Nieman v. Versuslaw, Inc., C.D. Ill., No. 12-2810, Aug 3, 2012
  • Noah v. AOL Time Warner, Inc., E.D. Va., No. CIV.A. 02-1316-A, May 15, 2003
  • Novak v. Overture Services, Inc., E.D.N.Y., No. CV 02-5164(DRH)(WDW), Mar 25, 2004
  • Novartis v. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA, Cal. App., Nos. A107538, A108292, Oct 12, 2006
  • Novins v. Cannon, D.N.J., No. 09-5354, Apr 27, 2010
  • NPS v. Stubhub, Inc., Mass. Super., No. 06-4874-BLS1, Jan 26, 2009
  • Nunes v. Twitter, Inc.,, N.D. Cal., No. 194 F. Supp. 3d 959, Jul 1, 2016
  • Nyabwa v. Facebook, S.D. Tex., No. 2:17-CV-24, Jan 26, 2018
  • Obado v. Magedson, D.N.J., No. 13-2383(JAP), Jul 31, 2014
  • Oberdorf v. Amazon.com, Inc., 3rd Circuit, No. 18-1041, Jun 12, 2017
  • O’hara-Harmon v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 3:19-cv-00601-WHA, May 5, 2019
  • Okeke v. Cars.com, N.Y. Civ. Ct., No. CV-018363/12, May 28, 2013
  • O’Kroley v. Fastcase, Inc., 6th Circuit, No. 15-6336, Jul 22, 2016
  • Onuoha v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 5:16-cv-06440, Nov 3, 2016
  • Opinion Corp. v. EIC Agency LLC, S.D.N.Y., No. 1:13-cv-07930-VEC, Nov 7, 2013
  • Opperman v. Path, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 13-cv-00453, May 14, 2014
  • Optinrealbig. Com, LLC v. Ironport Systems, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C 04-1687 SBA, Jun 25, 2004
  • OSU v. Skreen’dOhio State Univ. v. Skreened Ltd., S.D. Ohio, No. 2:12–cv–662, Apr 18, 2014
  • Pagan v. Google Corp., D.N.H., No. 16-cv-401-JD, Nov 15, 2016
  • Pallorium v. Jared, Cal. App., No. G036124, Jan 11, 2007
  • Palmucci v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Ca., No. 18-cv-03947-WHO, Apr 17, 2019
  • Papataros v. Amazon.com, Inc., D.N.J., No. 17-9836 (KM) (MAH), Aug 16, 2019
  • Parisi v. Sinclair, D.D.C., No. 10-897 (RJL), Mar 31, 2011
  • Parker v. Google, Inc., E.D. Pa., No. Civ.A. 04-CV-3918, Mar 10, 2006
  • Parker v. Hey, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 3:16-cv-04884-WHA, Nov 2, 2016
  • Parker v. Paypal, Inc., E.D. Pa., No. 2:16-cv-04786, Aug 23, 2017
  • Parts.com, LLC v. Yahoo! Inc., S.D. Cal., No. 13-CV-1078 JLS, Dec 4, 2013
  • Patentwizard, Inc. v. Kinkos, Inc., D. S.D., No. Civ. 00-4143, Sep 27, 2001
  • PC Drivers Headquarters, LP v. Malwarebytes Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 5:18-cv-05409-EJD, Mar 6, 2019
  • Pennie v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-00230-JCS, Dec 4, 2017
  • People v. Ferrer, Cal. Super., No. 16FE019224, Dec 9, 2016
  • Perfect10, Inc. v. CCBill, LLC, C.D. Cal., No. CV 02-7624 LBG(SHx), Jun 22, 2004
  • Perfect10, Inc. v. Giganews, Inc., C.D. Cal., No. CV11-07098 AHM, Mar 8, 2013
  • Perfect10, Inc. v. Google, Inc., C.D. Cal., No. CV 04-9484 AHM, Jul 16, 2008
  • Perkins v. LinkedIn Corp., N.D. Cal., No.: 13-CV-04303-LHK, Nov 13, 2014
  • Peters v. Lifelock, D. Ariz., No. CV-14-00576-PHX-ROS, Sep 19, 2014
  • Phan v. Pham, Cal. App., No. G041666, February 25, 2010.
  • Philbrick v. eNom, Inc., D.N.H., No. 07-215-JL, Jan 22, 2009
  • Pirozzi v. Apple Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 12-CV-01529 YGR, Dec 20, 2012
  • Pitman v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, E.D. Va., No. 4:16-cv-00179, Dec 7, 2016
  • Poole v. Tumblr, Inc., D. Conn., No. 3:18cv00859(AVC), Mar 7, 2019
  • Porter v. City of Port Orange, M.D. Fla., No. 6:16-cv-1379-Orl-37DCI, Dec 15, 2016
  • Prager Univeristy v. Google LLC, N.D. Cal., No. 17-CV-06064-LHK, Mar 26, 2018
  • Price v. Gannett Co., S.D. W. Va., No. 2:11-cv-00628, May 1, 2012
  • Prickett v. InfoUSA, Inc., E.D. Tex., No. 4:05-CV-10, Mar 30, 2006
  • Publius v. Boyer-Vine, E.D. Cal., No. 1:16-cv-1152-LJO-SKO, Feb 27, 2017
  • Quigley v. Yelp, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-03771-RS, Mar 27, 2018
  • Raggi v. Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Dept., D. Nev., No. 2:08-CV-943 JCM (PAL), Mar 10, 2009
  • Rakofsky v. Washington Post, N.Y. Sup., No. 105573/11, Apr 29, 2013
  • Ramey v. Darkside Productions, Inc., D.D.C., No. 02-730, May 17, 2004
  • Ramirez v. Boost Mobile/Sprint, N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-01404-JSC, Jun 12, 2017
  • Regions Bank v. Kaplan, M.D. Fla., No. 8:12-CV-1837-T-17MAP, Mar 22, 2013
  • Rememberance Rescue Proj. v. Goldfelder, Ill. Cir., No. 14 L 6205, May 23, 2016
  • Rentberry, Inc. v. City of Seattle, W.D. Wash., No. 2:18-cv-00743-RAJ, Mar 15, 2019
  • Restis v. Am. Coal. Against Nuclear Iran, Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 13 Civ. 5032(ER), Sep 30, 2014
  • Ricci v. Teamsters Union Local 456, 2nd. Circuit, No. 14-1732, Mar 18, 2015
  • Richard v. Facebook, Inc., S.C. Com. Pleas, No. 2018-CP-2606158, May 22, 2019
  • Riches v. Giambi et al., N.D. Cal., No. 3:07-cv-06324-MJJ, Jan 2, 2008
  • Riggs v. Myspace, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 09-56633, Jul 25, 2011
  • Roberson v. YouTube, D.N.H., No. 17-cv-749-JD, Jun 12, 2018
  • Roberts v. Ebay, Inc., D.S.C., No. 14-cv-4904, Jul 14, 2017
  • Roca Labs, Inc. v. Consumer Opinions Corp., M.D. Fla., No. 8:14-cv-2096-T-33EAJ, Oct 21, 2015
  • Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc., 4th Circuit, No. 10-2007, Apr 9, 2012
  • Roskowski v. Corvallis Police Officers’ Assn, 9th Circuit, No. 05-35737, Oct 10, 2007
  • Ross v. eLightbars LLC, N.D. Ohio, No. 3:14 CV 2610, Jun 24, 2016
  • Russell v. Implode-Explode Heavy Industries Inc., D. Md., No. DKC 08-2468, Sep 18, 2013
  • S.C. v. Dirty World LLC, W.D. Mo., No. 11-CV-00392-DW, Mar 12, 2012
  • Sabbato v. Hardy, Ohio. App., No. 2000CA00136, Dec 18, 2000
  • Samsel v. DeSoto County School District, N.D. Miss., No. 3:14-CV-00113-MPM-SAA, Mar 17, 2017
  • Santilli v. Van Erp, M.D. Fla., No. 8:17-cv-1797-T-33MAP, Apr 20, 2018
  • Saponaro v. Grindr, LLC, D.N.J., No. 14-04522 (JBS/AMD), Mar 13, 2015
  • Schneider v. Amazon.com, Wash. App., No. 46791-3-I, Sep 17, 2001
  • Schrader v. Beann, 10th Circuit, No. 12-1109, Nov 29, 2012
  • Schrader v. Biddinger, 10th Circuit, No. 10-7004, 10-7015, Feb 28, 2011
  • Scott v. Carlson, W.D. Va., No. 2:18CV00047,2018WL6537145, Dec 12, 2018
  • Scott v. Moon, W.D. Va., No. 19-cv-00005, Jan 24, 2019
  • Search King Inc. v. Google Technology, Inc.,, W.D. Okla., No. CIV-02-1457-M, May 27, 2003
  • Seaton v. TripAdvisor LLC, 6th Circuit, No. 12-6122, Aug 28, 2013
  • Sekiya v. Facebook, D.N.M., No. 16cv1368 KG/SCY, Jan 3, 2017
  • Sekiya v. Zuckerberg, D.N.M., No. 17cv283 JCH/KK, Jul 17, 2017
  • Seldon v. Magedson, D. Ariz., No. CV-13-00072-PHX-DGC, Apr 15, 2014
  • Sen v. Amazon.com, Inc., S.D. Cal., No. 3:16-CV-01486-JAH-JLB, Sep 27, 2018
  • Shah v. Mylife.com, Inc., D. Or., No. 3:12-cv-1592-ST, Sep 21, 2012
  • Sherman v. Yahoo! Inc., S.D. Cal., No. 13cv0041-GPC-WVG, Dec 14, 2015
  • Shiamili v. Real Estate Group of NY, N.Y. App. Ct., No. 105, Jun 14, 2011
  • Shuler v. Duke, N.D. Ala., No. 2:16-CV-0501-VEH, May 31, 2018
  • Shulman v. Facebook.com, D.N.J., No. 17-764 (JMV), Nov 6, 2017
  • Sigler v. Kobinsky, Wis. App., No. 2008AP29, Nov 6, 2008
  • Sikhs for Justice” SFJ”, Inc. v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 15-CV-02442-LHK, Nov 13, 2015
  • Silber v. Airbnb, Inc., D. Del., No. 1:18-cv-01884-RGA, Apr 9, 2019
  • Silver v. Quora Inc., 10th Circuit, No. 16-2173, Nov 23, 2016
  • Simmons v. Danhauer & Associates LLC, D.S.C., No. 8:08-cv-03819-JMC, Oct 21, 2010
  • Sinclair v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C 17-5710 SBA, Mar 20, 2019
  • Six4Three , LLC v. Facebook, Inc., Cal. App., No. Civ. 533328, Sep 30, 2019
  • Small Justice LLC v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC LLC, 1st Circuit, No. 15-506, 16-1085, Oct 11, 2017
  • Smith v. Intercosmos Media Group, Inc., E.D. La., No. 02-1964, Dec 17, 2002
  • Smith v. TRUSTED UNIVERSAL STANDARDS IN ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS, INC., D.N.J., No. 09-4567 (RBK/KMW), Mar 15, 2011
  • Soaring Helmet Corporation v. Bill Me Inc., W.D. Wash., No. 2:09-cv-00789, Jun 9, 2009
  • Song Fi, Inc. v. Google Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 14-cv-05080-CW, May 15, 2018
  • Soujourner Center v. Backpage.com, LLC, D. Ariz., No. 2:17-cv-00399, Feb 7, 2017
  • Sport Lisboa e Benfica – Futebol SAD v. Doe, C.D. Cal., No. 2:18-cv-02978, Apr 9, 2018
  • Spreadbury v. Bitterroot Public Library, D. Mont., No. CV 11-64-M-DWM-JCL, Mar 6, 2012
  • Spy Phone Labs LLC v. Google Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 15-cv-03756-KAW, Oct 14, 2016
  • State Farm Fire and Casualty Company v. Amazon. com, Inc., D. Wis., No. 18-cv-261-jdp, Jul 23, 2019
  • Stayart v. Google Inc., E.D. Wis., No. 10C0336, Mar 8, 2011
  • Stayart v. Yahoo! Inc., E.D. Wis., No. 09-C-116, Aug 28, 2009
  • Stayart v. Yahoo!, Inc. (I), 7th Circuit, No. 09-3379, Sep 30, 2010
  • Steele v. Mengelkoch, Minn. App., No. A07-1375, Aug 5, 2008
  • Stephens v. Dept. of Correction, Wash. App., No. 72950-1-I, Mar 7, 2016
  • Stevo Design Inc. v. SBR Marketing Ltd., D. Nev., No. 2:11-cv-00304-LRH-CWH, Jan 25, 2013
  • Stewart v. Karamian, E.D. Ark., No. 4:13CV00579 JLH, Mar 13, 2014
  • Stiner v. Amazon Inc., Ohio App., No. 17CA011215, Feb 19, 2019
  • Stokinger v. Armslist, LLC, Mass. Super. Ct., No. 1884CV03236-F, Mar 13, 2020
  • Stoner v. Ebay, Inc., Cal. Super., No. 305667, Nov 1, 2000
  • Straw v. Streamwood Chamber of Commerce, Inc., Ill., No. 143094-U, Sep 29, 2015
  • Sulla v. Horowitz, D. Haw., No. 12-00449 SOM/KSC, Oct 4, 2012
  • Sunset Home Owners Assoc. Inc. v. DiFrancesco, W.D.N.Y., No. 1:19-CV-00016 EAW, Apr 15, 2019
  • Sweet v. Google Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 17-cv-03953-EMC, Mar 7, 2018
  • Swift v. Zynga Game Network, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. C-09-5443 EDL, Nov 3, 2010
  • Taamneh v. Twitter, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 16-cv-03282-DMR, Aug 15, 2018
  • Takhvar v. Page, E.D. Tex., No. 2:17-cv-00673-JRG-RSP, Feb 25, 2018
  • Tanisha Systems v. Chandra, N.D. Ga., No. 1:15-cv-02644-AT, Dec 4, 2015
  • Taylor v. Twitter, Inc., Cal. Super., No. CGC-18-564460, Mar 8, 2019
  • Torati v. Hodak, N.Y. Sup., No. 155979/12, Jun 11, 2014
  • Truelove v. Mensa Int’l Ltd., D. Md., No. PJM 97-3463, Feb 10, 1999
  • Trump Vil. Section 4, Inc. v Bezvoleva, N.Y., No. 03389, May 9, 2018
  • Tulsi Now, Inc. v. Google, LLC, C.D. Cal., No. 2:19-cv-06444-SVW-RAO, Mar 3, 2020
  • Turo v. City of Los Angeles, C.D. Cal., No. 2:18-cv-06055-CAS-GJS, Jun 19, 2020
  • Two Plus Publishing LLC v. Jacknames.com, D. Nev., No. 2:09-CV-002318-KDJ-LRL, Sep 30, 2010
  • UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc, N.Y. Sup., No. 600558/08, Nov 24, 2008
  • UMG Recs., Inc. v Escape Media Group, Inc., N.Y. Sup., No. 100152/10, Jul 10, 2012
  • Universal Communications Systems v. Lycos Inc., 1st Circuit, No. 06-1826, Feb 23, 2007
  • Universal Tube & Rollform Equip. v. YouTube, Inc., N.D. Ohio, No. 3:06-cv-02628, Jun 4, 2017
  • Vakil v. Karamian, C.D. Cal., No. 2:14-CV-01573 GAF (AGRx), Jun 3, 2014
  • Vazquez v. Buhl, Conn. App., No. AC35319, May 13, 2014
  • Vesely v. Armslist, LLC, N.D. Ill., No. 1:13-cv-00607, Jul 29, 2013
  • Vision Security,LLC v. Xcentric Ventures, LLC, D. Utah, No. 2:13-CV-00926, Oct 3, 2016
  • Vogel v. Felice, Cal. App., No. H024448, Mar 24, 2005
  • VOICENET COMMUNICATIONS, INC. v. Corbett, E.D. Pa., No. Civ.A. 04-1318, Sep 13, 2010
  • Wang v. OCZ Technology Group, Inc, N.D. Cal., No. C 11-1415-PSG, Oct 14, 2011
  • Watkins v. Carr, D. Md., No. PX-17-0819, Dec 13, 2018
  • Weerahandi v. Shelesh, D.N.J., No. 3:16-CV-06131-BRM-TJB, Sep 29, 2017
  • Weigand v. National Labor Relations Board, D.D.C., No. 14-1024, Apr 17, 2015
  • Weimer v. Google Inc., D. Mont., No. CV 18-78-M-DLC-JCL, Oct 24, 2018
  • Westlake Legal Group v. Yelp Inc., 4th Circuit, No. 14-1872, Mar 18, 2015
  • Whitney Information Network v. Xcentric Ventures, M.D. Fla., No. 2:04-CV-47-FTM-29SPC, Dec 8, 2004
  • Williby v. Zuckerberg, N.D. Cal., No. 18-cv-06295-JD, Jun 18, 2019
  • Wilson v. Twitter, Inc., S.D.W. Va., No. 3:20-cv-00054, Jun 16, 2020
  • Wilson v. Web.com Group, Inc., D. Nev., No. 2:15-cv-02198, Apr 20, 2016
  • Winter v. Bassett, 4th Circuit, No. 03-2176, Dec 12, 2005
  • Witkoff v. Topix, LLC, Cal. App., No. B257656M, Sep 18, 2015
  • Wong v. Jing, Cal. App., No. H034059, Nov 9, 2010
  • Woodhull v. Meinel, N.M. App., No. 27,959, Oct 24, 2008
  • XCentric Ventures, LLC v. Smith, N.D. Iowa, No. C15-4008-MWB, Aug 19, 2015
  • Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme Et L’antisemitisme, 9th Circuit, No. 01-17424, Jan 12, 2006
  • Young v. Facebook, Inc., N.D. Cal., No. 10-cv-03579-JF/PVT, May 17, 2011
  • Zango, Inc. v. Kaspersky Lab, Inc., 9th Circuit, No. 07-35800, Jun 25, 2009
  • Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 4th Circuit, No. 97-1523, Nov 12, 1997
  • Zhang v. Baidu.com Inc., S.D.N.Y., No. 1:11-cv-03388, Mar 28, 2014
  • Zuffa, LLC v. Justin.tv, Inc., D. Nev., No. 2:11-cv-00114-RLH-VCF, Mar 8, 2012